Native Title
On 22 October 2010, the Federal Court recognised that the Gunaikurnai people hold native title over much of Gippsland.
What is Native Title?
Native title is the recognition in Australian law that some Indigenous people continue to hold rights to their lands and waters that come from their traditional laws and customs.
Native title has its source in the laws and customs observed by Indigenous people when Australia was colonised by Europeans. Those laws and customs must have been acknowledged and observed in a ‘substantially uninterrupted’ way from the time of settlement until now.
Native Title:
• is administered through the Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993.
• is not granted by governments but recognised through a determination made by the Federal Court.
• will vary for each group because it comes from traditional laws and customs of the group.
• exists alongside and is subject to, the rights of other people in the same area.
• can be extinguished because of things the government has done, or allowed others to do, over a particular area that are inconsistent with native title.
What is the Native Title Act?
The Native Title Act 1993 is a Commonwealth law that provides a process by which Indigenous Australians can lodge applications in the Federal Court of Australia seeking a determination of native title.The Native Title Act 1993 also provides a process for applicants and native title holders to negotiate and enter into agreements relating to actions that affect native title interests. These actions are known as future acts.
How do you get Native Title?
The Court does not ‘give’ native title, rather it recognises that it still exists.
You have to prove:
• that you possess rights and interests to the land under traditional laws and customs.
• that those laws and customs are currently acknowledged and observed, in a continuous connection going back to pre-colonisation.
• Native Title has not be extinguished.
What does recognition of Native Title give you?
Native Title does not give you ownership, but provides the right to camp, hunt, fish, gather food, and teach law and custom; and the right to negotiate with anyone seeking to carry out activities that might affect your rights.
Consultation and consent under the Native Title (Prescribed Body Corporate) Regulations 1999
As a prescribed body corporate, GLaWAC is empowered to make native title decisions and negotiate agreements on behalf of the Gunaikurnai native title holders. The Board does so in accordance with the GLaWAC Delegations Policy and with the support and on the recommendation of the Native Title and Cultural Heritage Subcommittee.
In addition, and in accordance with the Native Title (Prescribed Bodies Corporate) Regulations 1999 (PBC Regulations), the Board must undertake a process of consultation and consent with native title holders as part of that agreement-making process.
The process for consulting with native title holders and deciding whether consent has been received was agreed at a Gunaikurnai native title meeting on 30 November 2012 and incorporated into the GLaWAC Rule Book (see Rule 8). Once an agreement has been negotiated, the terms of the agreement and supporting information will be provided to both member and non-member native title holders and made available on the GLaWAC website as part of the consultation and consent process. Comments and feedback will be invited within 4 weeks of the mail-out date.
Following the consultation and consent process, Rule 8.1 provides that GLaWAC Directors will agree by majority vote whether the consultation and consent requirements for a particular native title decision have been met. Standing authorisations for future act notifications inviting comment The common law holders have also been consulted and have previously consented to the Board making decisions about whether to comment and whether to oppose, agree to or seek conditions in relation to certain future acts notifications inviting comment (see Rule 8.2).
Crown Land Sales
The Victorian Government occasionally sells surplus crown land, including land that is subject to native title. The sale of crown land will extinguish native title. There is no explicit right of veto, however, the State of Victoria does not currently compulsorily acquire native title-determined land, which means if agreement is not reached the sale will not proceed. (Note: the State’s position could change). This activity requires GLaWAC to “consult with and obtain the consent of native title holders” and compensation for the sale of crown land is usually negotiated.
Exploration Licence Applications
GLaWAC receives numerous exploration licence applications every year for exploration on Gunaikurnai native title-determined land. Under the Native Title Act, GLaWAC has a right to negotiate agreement terms with a Proponent, but does not have the right to stop the exploration.
A cultural heritage desktop assessment is made on each application, which is in turn reviewed by the Native Title and Cultural Heritage Sub-Committee (NTCHSC). The NTCHSC then makes a recommendation to the GLaWAC Board. If the Board accepts the recommendation, and the Board and the Proponent have agreed on the terms, all details to be made available on the website and mailed out to members with 4 weeks for response. First Nations will mail details to non-member native title holders on its mailing list. If any responses are received, these will be reviewed by the Board who will then decide whether to proceed with the agreement.
All Other Notices Concerning Works On Native Title Lands
There are various activities on native title lands which will trigger different future act processes. Depending on the activity, native title holders have the following procedural rights:
1. The right to be notified
2. The opportunity to comment
3. The right to be consulted
4. The right to negotiate over particular aspects of the future act
5. The right to object to the future act
Gunaikurnai RAP Boundary Position Statement
The Gunaikurnai respect due process in all matters linked to the Native Title Act, the Traditional Owner Settlement Act, and the Registered Aboriginal Party process.
The Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation (GLaWAC) represents the families of the five clan groups of the Gunaikurnai, which cover a large part of Gippsland.
Most of the Gunaikurnai clan areas have been resolved under current formal agreements. Some are still outstanding areas. The Gunaikurnai will progress these matters when our families and right people for Country deems appropriate.
The Gunaikurnai are aware of various actions happening by neighbouring groups to determine the right people to speak for Country. GLaWAC is prepared to work in a respectful and collaborative manner, through the right people for Country, to determine these matters.
The Gunaikurnai will continue to assert their rights and interests over our traditional lands, while understanding the difficulty created by the historical dispossession of traditional lands.
If groups wish to pursue their own process that the Gunaikurnai feel undermine our rights and interests, GLaWAC will respond to protect the unfinished business of the Gunaikurnai.
Until formal applications go through the established processes, the Gunaikurnai do not support any claims, maps or materials generated by neighbouring groups, only their rights to progress these conversations.
The Gunaikurnai will work respectfully and collaboratively with our neighbouring mobs to clarify who the right people to speak for Country are under the rules of the Native Title Act, the Traditional Owners Settlement Act and/or the Registered Aboriginal Party registration process.
The Gunaikurnai also note and respect that there are future Treaty opportunities for all.
Wilsons Promontory (Yiruk) Native Title Claim
The Gunaikurnai people lodged a native title determination application in the Federal Court on 9 December 2014 under the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). The application included the land and waters west of the Gunaikurnai determination area to the Tarwin West River, including Wilsons Promontory and Cape Liptrap (the claim area).
In September 2019, the Gunaikurnai decided to withdraw from the current claim that was to be heard in the Federal Court in order to focus on discussion and mediation with Bunurong- Boon Wurrung communities to realise a joint vision and aspirations for Wilsons Promontory.
The determination application for Wilsons Promontory is a complex and ongoing matter, and GLaWAC will continue to work with other Traditional Owners to reach an agreement for this area of land.
Key Messages
– The Gunaikurnai hold strong connections to Yiruk (Wilsons Promontory) and have a long history of association with and caring for country.
– The Gunaikurnai name for this area, Yiruk, means rocky place. The Gunaikurnai spiritual deities, Loohern and Loohern Tula, roamed the mountains and valleys in Yiruk and we pay our respects to the deities.
– The Gunaikurnai will continue to assert their rights and interests over this area.
– The Gunaikurnai decided to withdraw the current claim in order to focus on discussion and mediation to realise a joint vision and aspirations for Wilsons Prom.
– The Gunaikurnai do not accept the findings of the second conference of experts.
– These findings have not been tested in court.
– The claim was discontinued with no adjudication as to its merits.
– This does not prevent a future claim being made by the Gunaikurnai over Wilsons Prom.
Current Notices
GLaWAC will put up all notices concerning works on native title lands for native title holders to make comment if they wish. We will highlight where activities extinguish native title rights, although this is rarely the case. Please see below current notices on land:
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CONSULTATION AND CONSENT: SALE OF LAND AT THE PORT OF SALE AND EXTINGUISHMENT OF NATIVE TITLE
This letter concerns a proposal by the State to sell two parcels of crown land in the Port of Sale precinct.
Gunai/Kurnai native title exists on the parcels of land and the sale of these properties would extinguish native title.
The two parcels, which are displayed on the map attached to this letter, are:
60 York Street, Sale
Crown Allotment 2029 in Township & Parish of Sale (formerly Crown Allotments 4 & 5, Parish of Sale)
55-57 Raymond Street, Sale
Crown Allotment 2032 in Township & Parish of Sale (formerly Crown Allotment 2010, Parish of Sale).
The state is seeking consent from the Gunai/Kurnai people before selling these properties, which will extinguish native title.
The State is proposing to enter an Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) with
GLaWAC under the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (NTA) to give effect to the sale and record the consent of the Gunai/Kurnai People for the extinguishment of native title.
Have Your Say
You can provide your comments on the proposed sales in the following ways.
Attend a drop-in session
FNLRS and GLaWAC’s General Counsel, Michael Woods will be running drop-in information sessions at:
* The GLaWAC Office in Morwell
Wednesday 12 August 2026 at 5.30pm
235 Princes Drive, Morwell
* The Nakunbalook Cultural Education Centre in Sale
Thursday 13 August at 10am.
31 Nakunbalook Place, Sale
These sessions are designed to provide more detailed information to interested parties, and to provide an in-person forum to have your say.
Write to us
If you are unable to make the information sessions on the above dates or would prefer to provide your comments in writing, you can send them to, you can send them to:
Kieren Murray at First Nations Legal & Research Services at kieren.murray@fnlrs.com.au by Thursday 27 August 2026.
Deadline for comment is Thursday, August 27, 2026.
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CONSULTATION AND CONSENT: EXPLORATION LICENCE APPLICATION 008843 ON GUNAIKURNAI COUNTRY
This notice concerns an application to the State by Maligo Pty Ltd (Maligo), for exploration licence application 008843 to explore on Gunaikurnai country.
Click here for more information about the application.
Maligo is negotiating with the Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation (GLaWAC) to seek its consent, on behalf of native title holders, to the
grant of these exploration licences by the State.
As a Prescribed Body Corporate (PBC), GLaWAC is empowered to negotiate agreements for exploration licences on behalf of native title holders.
In accordance with the Native Title (Prescribed Body Corporate)
Regulations 1999 (PBC Regulations), GLaWAC must undertake a process of consultation and consent with native title holders as a part of that agreement making process.
GLaWAC’s General Counsel, Michael Woods, will be running drop-in information sessions at the GLaWAC Office in Morwell on Monday 20 July at 5.30pm and at the GLaWAC Office in Kalimna West on Wednesday 29 July at 10am.
These sessions are designed to provide more detailed information to interested parties, and to provide an in-person forum to have your say.
If you are unable to make the information sessions on the above dates, you are welcome to contact Kieren Murray at First Nations Legal & Research Services for more information at kieren.murray@fnlrs.com.au.
All comments or questions you may have in relation to this letter, including the licence application and the standard terms, should also be directed to kieren.murray@fnlrs.com.au by Wednesday, 5 August 2026.
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NOTICE CONCERNING WORKS ON NATIVE TITLE LANDS (RIGHT TO COMMENT)
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF FIVE ROCK GROYNES – LOCH SPORT
Gippsland Ports in partnership with the Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action (DEECA) proposes to install five rock groynes to the west of the Seagull Drive Boat ramp in LochSport to protect the foreshore from ongoing significant erosion.
Here’s the full notice about this proposal.
Here’s the Loch Sport Erosion Protection Design Report, for more information.
The Native Title Act 1993 requires DEECA to consult and seek comments from the Traditional Owners of Native Title lands and incorporate appropriate conditions into consent to use and develop the land.
Please note that the ‘non-extinguishment’ principle applies to these works and Native Title rights will continue to exist over the site.
The Department intends to advise the proponent that the project can proceed after 40 days from the date of this notification have elapsed.
If you would like to discuss this proposal please contact:
Matt Kelly
Program Officer (Native Title)
Public Land Services, Gippsland
Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action
71 Hotham Street
Traralgon, Victoria, 3844
Email: matthew.kelly@deeca.vic.gov.au
Reference: SP490841
The deadline to make comment is 40 days from June 19.
